Which requirement was set by the framers to limit the influence of popular majorities on Congress?

The requirement of a staggered election cycle for Senators was established by the framers as a strategic measure to limit the influence of popular majorities on Congress. This system ensures that only a portion of the Senate is up for election in any given year, with approximately one-third of the Senate seats contested every two years.

This staggered approach serves to provide stability within the Senate, allowing for continuity in governance and making it more challenging for sudden shifts in public opinion to drastically alter the makeup of the Senate. It mitigates the risk of populist fervor leading to rapid changes in legislative priorities, allowing senators to engage in longer-term considerations and providing time for deliberation on complex issues.

In contrast, direct election of Senators was not designed to limit popular influence; rather, it was intended to enhance democratic participation by allowing citizens to vote directly for their representatives. Lifetime terms for Supreme Court justices establish an independent judiciary, free from electoral pressures, but do not directly affect the legislative process. A single representative system does not inherently limit popular majority influence and could lead to greater disparities in representation based on population differences. Overall, the staggered election cycle is a key protective measure against the volatility that can accompany popular majorities.