How are proposed constitutional amendments typically ratified?

Proposed constitutional amendments are typically ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures. This process is outlined in Article V of the U.S. Constitution, which specifies that after an amendment is successfully proposed—either by a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Congress or by a national convention called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures—the next step requires ratification. State legislatures play a crucial role in this process, as they have the authority to approve or reject the proposed amendments.

The requirement for three-fourths of state legislatures ensures a broad consensus across different states, reflecting a strong national agreement on the proposed changes to the Constitution. This rigorous process is designed to prevent hasty amendments and requires substantial support from the states, which are critical components of the federal system.

In contrast, the other options do not align with the constitutional framework: a majority vote in Congress pertains to legislation, not amendments; a national referendum is not part of the constitutional amendment process; and approval from the President is not required for amendments, as the amendment process is intentionally designed to be independent of executive power.